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Journalism and Communication

University, Social Sciences and Law

Production and dissemination of current news through the media. Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0).

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Definition, history, genres, and classification of journalism

  • Journalism: a professional activity and the science of collecting, verifying, and synthesizing information
  • Purpose: to provide accurate and timely information for the exercise of civil rights
  • Academic classification: Communication sciences, sociology, and political science
  • Deontology: ethical norms requiring independence from political and economic powers
  • Background: news writers in European Parliaments and 'avvisi' news sheets
  • Historical milestone: Modern printing press (mid-15th century) and the monthly publication of Rudolf II (1597)
  • Informative genre: news (base) and reportage
  • Opinion genre: editorial, letters to the editor, opinion pieces, and columns
  • Mixed genre: interview, chronicle, and review
  • Entertainment genre: comic strips, cartoons, games, and literature
  • Graphic journalism: based on photography
  • Written journalism: newspapers and magazines
  • Radio journalism: radio
  • Audiovisual journalism: television
  • Digital journalism: web

Classification of journalism according to the type of information

  • Agrifood journalism: primary sector, industry, markets, and health.
  • Environmental journalism: nature, sustainable development, and environmental degradation.
  • Science journalism: communication and dissemination of scientific knowledge.
  • Citizen or 2.0 journalism: citizens collect and disseminate information independently.
  • Cultural journalism: coverage of cultural manifestations in society.
  • War journalism: coverage of armed conflicts involving risks to physical integrity.
  • Investigative journalism: revealing injustices, fraud, and corruption through the cross-referencing of sources.
  • Data journalism: the use of databases and computer programs to reinforce information.
  • Proposal journalism: emerged in the year 2000; seeks for the journalist to provide opinion and ethics.
  • Celebrity journalism: information regarding celebrities and entertainment news.
  • Declarative journalism: news based on statements from public figures or citizens.
  • Sports journalism: coverage and analysis of sporting disciplines.
  • Economic journalism: finance, banking, and the stock market.
  • Hyperlocal journalism: information closely tied to the immediate geographical context.
  • Infographic journalism: the fusion of visual and textual elements.
  • Literary journalism: rich narrative with journalistic accuracy (pioneered by Gabriel García Márquez).
  • Political journalism: analysis of power, political parties, and political activities.
  • Mobile journalism: the use of mobile devices as a publication channel.
  • Preventive journalism: comprehensive analysis of crises from their origins to their repercussions.
  • Satirical journalism: the use of humor, parody, or exaggeration for criticism or denunciation.
  • Social journalism: the articulation of the social axis with politics and economics.
  • Tourism journalism: current events in tourism and the socio-political context (not advertising).
  • Group journalism: prioritizes the stability of information over immediacy.

Social influence, journalistic profile, and the situation of journalists

  • Journalism: considered the fourth estate
  • Journalistic style: based on speed, comprehension, and neutrality
  • Journalistic profile: a genre of new journalism or narrative journalism
  • Profile: includes value judgment and the use of the five senses
  • Profile: key difference is including voices of friends, family, and enemies
  • Profile: structure of beginning, development, and end
  • Most common role among Spanish journalists: Voice of the citizenry
  • Least common role in Spanish journalists: Status quo supporter
  • Legal protection: includes source confidentiality
  • Regulatory framework: Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  • Professional ethics: regulated by professional deontology
  • 2012 figure (Felap): 45 journalists murdered in Latin America
  • 2006 figure (RSF): 81 journalists killed in 21 countries
  • 1994 figure (Historical maximum): 103 journalists killed
  • 1994 distribution: nearly half in Rwanda, nearly 20 in Algeria, dozens in Yugoslavia
  • 1994 figures (attacks): 871 detained, 1472 assaulted, 56 kidnapped, 912 media outlets censored
  • Inter-American context: autonomy affected by violence and corruption (e.g., Colombia)

Training and historical background of journalism in Spain, Venezuela, and Argentina

  • Spain: Journalism is an unregulated profession (degrees are not mandatory for practice)
  • Spain: The official degree is a requirement for joining professional associations
  • Spain: The ethical framework is the FAPE deontological code
  • Venezuela: Started in 1808 with "La Gazeta de Caracas" (upper class)
  • Venezuela: Francisco de Miranda published "El Colombiano" in 1810
  • Venezuela: Simón Bolívar founded "El Correo del Orinoco" in 1818
  • Venezuela: Start of the popular press in 1840 with "El Venezolano"
  • Venezuela: Press crisis starting in 1999 (government of Hugo Chávez)
  • Venezuela: Key universities: UCV, UCAB, LUZ, and ULA
  • Argentina: Telégrafo Mercantil founded in 1801 by Manuel Belgrano
  • Argentina: Antonio Cabello y Mesa is the first journalist in Buenos Aires (1801)
  • Argentina: Gazeta de Buenos Aires (1810) written by Mariano Moreno and collaborators

Flashcard preview (6 of 20)

  1. 01

    According to José Luis Dader, what science combines the collection, verification, synthesis, and clarification of information?

    Journalism.

  2. 02

    In Álex Grijelmo's classification, what is the quintessential informative genre?

    The news story.

  3. 03

    According to Álex Grijelmo, which genres are considered opinion pieces?

    Editorial, letters to the editor, opinion articles, and columns.

  4. 04

    In Álex Grijelmo's classification, which genres are mixed or hybrid?

    Interview, chronicle, and review.

  5. 05

    According to the transmission medium, what is the name of journalism that uses the web?

    Digital journalism or cyberjournalism.

  6. 06

    Citizen or 2.0 journalism: who coined the name?

    Dan Gillmor

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