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Translation
University, Translation and Interpretation
Translation theories and techniques: equivalence, fidelity, and types of translation. Source: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0).
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Read the full theory →Fundamental concepts, etymology, and definitions of translation
- Translation: producing equivalent text in a target language from a source text.
- Interpretation: translation performed orally.
- Translation Studies (Traductología): the discipline that studies the theory and application of translation and interpretation.
- Machine translation: automation of the process since the 1940s.
- Localization and internationalization: modern genres facilitated by the Internet.
- Etymology: from the Latin traductĭo (to move from one place to another).
- Trujamán: an Arabic term used in Medieval Spanish for translator and interpreter.
- Vinay and Darbelnet's approach: expressing the same reality in another language.
- Seleskovitch and Lederer's approach: transmitting the meaning of messages.
- Nida's approach: priority of meaning over style in the reproduction of the message.
- Vázquez Ayora's approach: analysis and transfer of pre-nuclear sentences.
- Hurtado Albir's approach: the interpretative process of reformulation in a social context.
History and processes of translation and translation competence
- Rosetta Stone: first written evidence of translation (hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek)
- Septuagint: translation from Hebrew to Koine Greek in the 3rd century BC by 72 scholars
- Vetus Latina: translations from Greek to Latin between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD
- Vulgate: first systematic translation into Vulgar Latin by St. Jerome in the year 384 AD
- Dissemination of Greek knowledge: translation into Arabic (9th-10th centuries) and subsequent transmission to Europe via al-Andalus
- Toledo School of Translators: translations from Arabic into Castilian Romance and Latin
- Phases of the translation process: comprehension, de-verbalization, and re-expression
- Verification phase: added by authors such as Delisle and Bell for written texts
- Nature of the process: recursive, involving controlled and uncontrolled processes
- Semantic map: internal representation of meanings independent of grammar
- Translation competence: a set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes (not just language proficiency)
- Untranslatability: a recurring problem in specific genres such as poetry
Sub-competencies, components, and translation techniques
- Bilingual sub-competence: pragmatic, sociolinguistic, textual, and lexico-grammatical knowledge
- Extralinguistic subcompetence: cultural, encyclopedic, and thematic knowledge
- Translation knowledge subcompetence: principles, processes, methods, and professional practice
- Instrumental subcompetence: use of documentary sources and information technologies
- Strategic subcompetence: planning, execution, and evaluation of the translation project
- Psychophysiological components: cognitive, attitudinal, and skills (creativity, reasoning, analysis, synthesis)
- Lexico-semantic problems: resolved using dictionaries, glossaries, and terminology databases
- Grammatical problems: resolved using French/Spanish grammars and contrastive grammars
- Syntactic problems: resolved using grammars of both languages and syntax manuals
- Rhetorical problems: resolved using dictionaries of rhetoric and poetics
- Pragmatic problems: resolved using idiom dictionaries and proverb anthologies
- Cultural problems: resolved using books, magazines, films, and videos
- Adaptation technique: cultural substitution with more familiar elements
- Linguistic expansion technique: adding elements for structural reasons or to avoid ambiguity
- Reduction technique: eliminating redundancies for conciseness or naturalness
- Compensation technique: recovering nuances through expansion and reduction
- Calque technique: creating neologisms following the structure of the source language
Translation techniques and fundamental concepts of translation studies
- Modulation: change of perspective or sense to improve fluency in the target language.
- Borrowing: use of terms from the original language without translation (e.g., sandwich).
- Literal translation: direct transfer between languages respecting inherent collocations.
- Transposition: change of grammatical category without altering the meaning of the message.
- Fidelity: measure of precision regarding the meaning of the source text.
- Transparency: measure of adjustment to the grammar and syntax of the reader's native language.
- Faithful translation: meets the criterion of fidelity.
- Idiomatic translation: meets the criterion of transparency.
- Foreignization: a translation strategy that seeks to maintain the foreign character of the original text.
- Translation studies: the discipline that studies the theory, description, and application of translation and interpretation.
- Translation scholar: a specialist in the systematic study of translation studies.
Concepts of equivalence and types of translation
- Equivalence: permanent and context-independent correspondence
- Importance of equivalence in oral translation for mental speed
- Semantic equivalence: correspondence of denotative content (priority)
- Stylistic equivalence: correspondence of nuances and functional style
- Pragmatic equivalence: correspondence in the recipient's reaction
- General translation: journalistic texts
- Literary translation: prose and poetry
- Scientific translation: health and scientific texts
- Technical translation: engineering, automotive, and IT
- Software localization: cultural adaptation of computer programs
- Court translation: performed before courts (distinct from sworn translation)
- Legal translation: legal texts
- Economic translation: financial texts
- Sworn translation: documents with legal validity performed by accredited experts
- Multilingual translation: website adaptation and digital marketing
- Medical/pharmaceutical translation: requires prior health training
- Localization: cultural and contextual adaptation of content
- Transcreation: creative rewriting based on emotional impact
Translation tools, regulations, and context
- CAT Tools: SDL Trados, MemoQ, Wordfast, and Memosource
- Translation memories: databases for retrieving previous translations
- ISO 2384:1977: formatting standard for translated documents
- ISO document types: books, periodicals, articles, and patents
- Translator's Day: September 30th (anniversary of Saint Jerome)
- COVID-19 impact: suspension of events, impact on royalties, and change in methodologies
- Organized crime: use of translation in financial reports and surveillance
- Dark translation: translations for criminal organizations
Flashcard preview (6 of 30)
- 01
Name of the discipline that studies the theory, description, and application of translation and interpretation:
Translation Studies
- 02
Difference between translation and interpretation according to the mode of realization:
Interpretation is oral.
- 03
Etymology of the term translation (Latin):
traductĭo, -ōnis ("to move from one place to another")
- 04
Term of Arabic origin used in Medieval Spanish for translator and interpreter:
Trujamán
- 05
According to Vinay and Darbelnet, translation is moving from language A to B in order to:
express the same reality
- 06
In the Rosetta Stone, in which three languages is the same text found?
Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Demotic Egyptian, and Greek.
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